Ethics in Public Health Essay - 1212 Words

In the last three decades HIV/ AIDS has become the one of the most notorious and widely spread diseases in the modern world. Its discovery in the late seventies prompted worldwide concern. The one thing that has become the most bothersome thing about the HIV/ AIDS epidemic is prevention. Prevention or stopping the transmission of the diseases is hindered by factors such as: denial or non-acceptance by infected persons, unsafe sex, and non-disclosure by infected persons to their at risk sexual partner(s). According to Alghazo, Upton, and Cioe (2011): Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) the precursor to Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is prevalent in the United States. The October 2008 Center for Disease Control (CDC) Morbidity†¦show more content†¦In medicine one of the things every patient is entitled to, no matter what, is their privacy. Since ancient times the privacy between a doctor and a patient has been somewhat of sacred thing. The patient has the right to release their health information to whomever they please. Even for doctors to access a patient’s medical history there has to be consent from the patient. In Mair’s article she reports about the case PD v Harvey in which PD upon asking for her future husband’s (FH) HIV test results was denied access because of lack of consent from FH. FH because of his right to confidentiality, despite having the disease, was able to lie and forge a pathology report which reported his HIV status as negative and in turn PD was lead to believe that FH actually received a negative result. If PD had been allowed the right to view the positive result or maybe even if the doctors would have taken into consideration her well-being PD could have avoided being infected (2009). Before testing a patient for HIV/AIDS a doctor should consult the patient in this consultation the patient should be educated about the disease, the testing process, and actions to be taken upon a positive result, including disclosure to sexualShow MoreRelatedEthics And Public Health Ethics851 Words   |  4 Pagesdistinguishable differences between medical ethics and public health ethics. Medical ethics pertain primarily to the individual that is involved in the care paradigm (Coleman, Bouà «sseau, Reis, Capron, 2007). Public health ethics, by contrast, are focused primarily on the health of the population as a whole. The American Public Health Association has published its own code of public health ethics that it felt most appropriately provided guiding p rinciples to the public health sector (Thomas, Sage, DillenbergRead MoreThe Ethics Of Public Health863 Words   |  4 PagesWhen it comes to the ethic of public health and medical health, they hold two totally different definitions. The ethics of public health is when the focus is more on the freedoms of privacy and actions, as long as they do not harm others.â€Å"In public health ethics, autonomy, the right of privacy, and freedom of action are recognized in so far as they do not result in harm to others† (Williams Torrens, 2008). When considering medical ethics the focus on the concerns of individuals and their libertiesRead MoreThe Ethics Of Public Health Essay1123 Words   |  5 Pages†¢ â€Å"Public health practitioners by virtue of our role have special responsibilities for ethical conduct and ethical practices that go beyond meeting minimum legal and regulatory standards.† – American Public Health Association adopted a code of ethics developed by the Public Health Leadership Society. †¢ APHA’s code of Ethics identifies: o Values and beliefs that are key assumptions underlying a public health perspective of health, community, and bases for action o Principles of the ethical practiceRead MoreEthics Of Public Health, And Healthcare1857 Words   |  8 Pagesis that long term consumption of high fat, high sugar foods and drinks lead to many health problems, so making them more expensive and less accessible should decrease the health issues related to their consumption. The main ethical concerns that have been raised with the idea of implementing a fat tax are: autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice that the tax would bring or take away from the public. While obesity is a significant issue, costing the US economy approximately $20 billionRead MoreEthics, Public Health, And Environmental Safety3018 Words   |  13 Pagesengineering and the adoption of transgenic crops, a new set of questions regarding ethics, public health, and environmental safety has grown from a theoretical concern to one that must be considered as genetic engineering plays an increasingly large role in our everyday lives. As genetically modified (GM) food has entered the marketplace, these ethical questions have fallen not just to scientists but to the public at large, and the issue has grown into a massive, polarized debate with no signs ofRead MorePublic Health Ethics : Legal Analysis1758 Words   |  8 PagesBrian Dominguez GPH – 704 Public Health Ethics – Legal Analysis (Patient w/Tuberculosis) Introduction: In the fall of 2005, a homeless man from another state arrived in Maine who has been incompletely treated for tuberculosis (TB). He had several incarcerations within the next year and exposed the disease to other inmates. In addition, he exposed the disease to people at the homeless shelter; more than 100 persons were exposed between the shelter and county jail and transmission to 6 homelessRead MoreThe Code Of Ethics And The Law Of The Public Health, Safety, And Welfare981 Words   |  4 Pagesfield. In each one of these fields, there is a certain code of ethics that must be lived and maintained, by the engineer themselves. There are lists of the different ethics models, but to list a few: there is Rule-Based Utilitarianism, Duty Ethics, Rights Ethics, Virtue Ethics, and the NCEES ethical code. All of these individual codes clearly states, and sets guidelines for the engineers to follow and live by. These ethics set the standard and obligations that engineers and their partnersRead More Codes of Ethics in Health Care Essay995 Words   |  4 Pagesprovide a procedure if a code violation occurs. Medical ethics began as a professional code for physicians and has now expanded and includes a variety of health care professions and health care organizations. The growth of medical knowledge and technology have grown so have the concerns that ethical standards and issues facing our society today may be compromised or not appropriately addressed (Littleton et al., 2010). Identify Codes of Ethics Applicable in My Professional Practice I am a memberRead MoreANA Code of Ethics1214 Words   |  5 PagesANA Code of Ethics Introduction In the field of nursing, the ANA Code of Ethics is designed to provide specific bylaws that will influence the practices of health care professionals inside the industry. However, there are different advocacy campaigns that will have an impact on how it is interpreted and applied. In the case of advocacy for population health, these issues mean that there could be moral dilemmas faced in the process (most notably: lifestyle choices and their impact on the individual)Read MoreThe Health Of A Public Health Worker980 Words   |  4 Pagesable to have access to health care. I have seen many children who had physical disabilities that could have been prevented. In some cities in my homeland, people used and still walk for days to get basic medical treatments because there is no clinics or hospitals in their town or the surrounding cities. Many people used to die to diseases that could have been prevented with single vaccine. Therefore, since I was young child I always wanted to help peop le to have access to health care especially young

Herpes Simplex 1 Symptoms Natural Treatment - 656 Words

There is a old misconception Herpes Simplex 1 only infects above the belt by manifesting as cold sores. Herpes Type 2 was previously considered below the belt and caused genital lesions. However, the medical profession has found oral-genital contact can spread either, so that types of herpes have become virtually insignificant. Lets define herpes. It is very contagious. It is transmitted by bodily fluids. Proper hand washing precautions should be taken to keep the virus from a cold sore from spreading to the genitals. The first time herpes symptoms appear is called the primary occurrence and it worse than recurring outbreaks. Symptoms generally occur within 4-7 days after contact. Initial symptoms are burning, chronic itch or tingling. In a couple of days, pimply sores pop up on reddish skin. Later, the pimples metamorphose into agonizing blisters. When the blisters burst, they secrete blood and yellowish pus. Approximately a week after the first symptoms, scabs form, which signals healing has begun. While it is rare, it is possible for Herpes to spread to the eyes. This requires the speedy attention of a medical professional. A person can be infected and not know it. Symptoms may not show for some time following contact, yet the person can still be contagious. This is because viral shedding occurs during the tingling stage. Of course, people who have active lesions shed the virus and are contagious. What are Natural Treatments for Herpes Simplex 1?Show MoreRelatedHerpes Virus : Herpes Simplex Virus1336 Words   |  6 PagesHerpes Introduction Herpes is a highly contagious viral infection with a family of eight different types of viruses that affect the human body. There is herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) or the HHV1, which targets the facial area with cold sores on the lips. Additionally, there is herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV2) or the HHV2, which is known to cause a sexually transmitted disease known as genital herpes. Another one is the varicella-zoster virus (HHV3) which has been linked to chickenpox. Apart from chickenpoxRead MoreHerpes Type Of Herpes Simplex Virus1742 Words   |  7 PagesHerpes is a highly contagious viral infection with the family of eight different types of virus that affect the human body. There are (HHV1) which is also known as herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1). This type target the facial area with cold sores on the lip of the mouth. Also, there is (HHV2) that is refer to as herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV2) which typically causes genital herpes, a sexually transmitted infection. Another is (HHV3) that i s called varicella-zoster virus. HHV3 causes chickenpox. It canRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Herpes Viruses3545 Words   |  15 Pagesmake something clear. There are two types of herpes viruses. HSV-1 is the type that usually causes cold sores or fever blisters around your mouth. HSV-2 is the type that commonly causes genital herpes. The virus spreads through sexual contact and skin-to-skin contact. HSV-2 is very common and highly contagious, whether or not you have an open sore (Aurelius, p. 3). Genital Herpes is more commonly caused by HSV-2 but is known to be caused by HSV-1. Oral Herpes is known to be caused by both variationsRead MoreCase Study-Herpes Zoster981 Words   |  4 PagesCase Study on Herpes Zoster Case Study on Herpes Zoster History of Present Illness: This is a case of a 27 year old Asian female who came to the clinic complaining of pain on her right hand. She states that it feels like â€Å"pins and needles going up to my arm† She denies fever but states that she feels body malaise. She claims to have slight loss of appetite because of the pain. Pain level is about 7-8/10, occurs continuously and is temporarily relieved by Tylenol 500 mg. She noted the appearanceRead MoreHerpes Simplex Virus3293 Words   |  14 PagesHerpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection at the Molecular Level Research Paper Virology 24 November 2008 Abstract Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection is widespread and causes significant disease in humans. The structure, epidemiology, pathogensis and immune response are examined in this review, as well as specific ways to reduce and eliminate pathology and related diseases. The virus naturally infects mucosal areas and begins the search for its target host cell. Upon binding to the hostRead MoreEffective Cold Sore Home Remedies1271 Words   |  6 Pagesafter other formal treatments have not fully solved the problem. These sores are such a nuisance they go for a season and come back a gain. This time, I thing we need more determined or robust home remedies for cold sores to deal with this. Cold sores, sometimes called fever blisters, are small blisters that come up around the mouth and nostrils. They usually appear toward the end of a cold. The virus that causes cold sores is known as herpes simplex virus. Most of us have natural immunity that enablesRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Cold Sores1517 Words   |  7 Pagesafter other formal treatments have not fully solved the problem. These sores are such a nuisance they go for a season and come back a gain. This time, I thing we need more determined or robust home remedies for cold sores to deal with this. Cold sores, sometimes called fever blisters, are small blisters that come up around the mouth and nostrils. They usually appear toward the end of a cold. The virus that causes cold sores is known as herpes simplex virus. Most of us have natural immunity that enablesRead MorePreparing for Marriage5621 Words   |  23 PagesMost STIs initially do not cause symptoms.[1] This results in a greater risk of passing the disease on to others.[2][3] Symptoms and signs of disease may include vaginal discharge, penile discharge, ulcers on or around the genitals, and pelvic pain. STIs acquired before or during birth may result in poor outcomes for the baby. Some STIs may cause problems with the ability to get pregnant.[1] More than 30 different bacteria, viruses, and parasites can cause STIs.[1] Bacterial STIs include chlamydiaRead MoreCotard s Syndrome : A Rare Delusionary Syndrome1228 Words   |  5 PagesDefinitions: Acyclovir is a medicine that is used in treatment of Herpes Simplex Virus. Capgras delusion characterized by how they see others. They believe that their spouse, parents, siblings are imposters or body snatched. DSM-5 is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ICD-10 is a coding and reference classification known as the International Classes of Diseases 10th publishing. Nilhistic: A belief that nothing exists. â€Æ' Cotards Symptoms Cortard’s is a rare syndrome where a personRead MoreIntroduction to Diseases10781 Words   |  44 Pagesis often construed to be a  medical condition  associated with specific  symptoms  and  signs that may be caused by external factors such as  infectious disease, or by internal dysfunctions, such as  autoimmune diseases. The differences between signs and symptoms are signs are what a doctor sees, they are the physical manifestation of injury, illness or disease and shows a definite indication of a specific disease, whereas symptoms are what a patient experiences and can be defined as one of the characters

Streams of Silver 7. Dagger and Staff Free Essays

string(48) " that she would not give up her life so easily\." Entreri stood on a hill a few miles outside the City of Sails, his campfire burning low behind him. Regis and friends had used this same spot for their last stop before they entered Luskan and, in fact, the assassin’s fire burned in the very same pit. This was no coincidence, though. We will write a custom essay sample on Streams of Silver 7. Dagger and Staff or any similar topic only for you Order Now Entreri had mimicked every move the halfling’s party had made since he had picked up their trail just south of the Spine of the World. He would move as they moved, shadowing their marches in an effort to better understand their actions. Now, unlike the party before him, Entreri’s eyes were not on the city wall, nor toward Luskan at all. Several campfires had sprung up in the night to the north, on the road back to Ten-Towns. It wasn’t the first time those lights had appeared behind him, and the assassin sensed he, too, was being followed. He had slowed his frantic pace, figuring that he could easily make up the ground while the companions went about their business in Luskan. He wanted to secure his own back from any danger before concentrating on snaring the halfling. Entreri had even left telltale signs of his passing, baiting his pursuers in closer. He kicked the embers of the fire low and climbed back into the saddle, deciding it better to meet a sword face to face than to take a dagger in the back. Into the night he rode, confident in the darkness. This was his time, where every shadow added to the advantage of one who lived in shadows. He tethered his mount before midnight, close enough to the campfires to finish the trek on foot. He realized now that this was a merchant caravan; not an uncommon thing on the road to Luskan at this time of year. But his sense of danger nagged at him. Many years of experience had honed his instinct for survival and he knew better than to ignore it. He crept in, seeking the easiest way into the circle of wagons. Merchants always lined many sentries around the perimeter of their camps, and even the pull-horses presented a problem, for the merchants kept them tied close beside their harnesses. Still, the assassin would not waste his ride. He had come this far and meant to find out the purpose of those who followed him. Slithering on his belly, he made his way to the perimeter and began circling the camp underneath the defensive ring. Too silently for even wary ears to hear, he passed two guards playing at bones. Then he went under and between the horses, the beasts lowering their ears in fear, but remaining quiet. Halfway around the circle, he was nearly convinced that this was an ordinary merchant caravan, and was just about to slip back into the night when he heard a familiar female voice. â€Å"Ye said ye saw a spot o’ light in the distance.† Entreri stopped, for he knew the speaker. â€Å"Yeah, over there,† a man replied. Entreri slipped up between the next two wagons and peeked over the side. The speakers stood a short distance from him, behind the next wagon, peering into the night in the direction of his camp. Both were dressed for battle, the woman wearing her sword comfortably. â€Å"I have underestimated you,† Entreri whispered to himself as he viewed Catti-brie. His jeweled dagger was already in his hand. â€Å"A mistake I shan’t repeat,† he added, then crouched low and searched for a path to his target. â€Å"Ye been good to me, for bringing me so fast,† Catti-brie said. â€Å"I’m owing to ye, as Regis and the others’ll be.† â€Å"Then tell me,† the man urged. â€Å"What causes such urgency?† Catti-brie struggled with the memories of the assassin. She hadn’t yet come to terms with her terror that day in the halfling’s house, and knew that she wouldn’t until she had avenged the deaths of the two dwarven friends and resolved her own humiliation. Her lips tightened and she did not reply. â€Å"As you wish,† the man conceded. â€Å"Your reasons justify the run, we do not doubt. If we seem to pry, it only shows our desire to help you however we may.† Catti-brie turned to him, a smile of sincere appreciation on her face. Enough had been said, and the two stood and stared at the empty horizon in silence. Silent, too, was the approach of death. Entreri slipped out from under the wagon and rose suddenly between them, one hand outstretched to each. He grasped Catti-brie’s neck tightly enough to prevent her scream, and he silenced the man forever with his blade. Looking across the breadth of Entreri’s shoulders, Catti-brie saw the horrific expression locked onto her companion’s face, but she couldn’t understand why he hadn’t cried out, for his mouth was not covered. Entreri shifted back a bit and she knew. Only the jeweled dagger’s hilt was visible, its crosspiece flat against the underside of the man’s chin. The slender blade had found the man’s brain before he ever realized the danger. Entreri used the weapon’s handle to guide his victim quietly to the ground, then jerked it free. Again the woman found herself paralyzed before the horror of Entreri. She felt that she should wrench away and shout out to the camp, even though he would surely kill her. Or draw her sword and at least try to fight back. But she watched helplessly as Entreri slipped her own dagger from her belt and, pulling her low with him, replaced it in the man’s fatal wound. Then he took her sword and pushed her down under the wagon and out beyond the camp’s perimeter. Why can’t I call out? she asked herself again and again, for the assassin, confident of the level of terror, didn’t even hold her as they slipped deeper into the night. He knew, and she had to admit to herself, that she would not give up her life so easily. You read "Streams of Silver 7. Dagger and Staff" in category "Essay examples" Finally, when they were a safe distance from the camp, he spun her around to face him – and the dagger. â€Å"Follow me?† he asked, laughing at her. â€Å"What could you hope to gain?† She did not answer, but found some of her strength returning. Entreri sensed it, too. â€Å"If you call out, I shall kill you,† he declared flatly. â€Å"And then, by my word, I shall return to the merchants and kill them all as well!† She believed him. â€Å"I often travel with the merchants,† she lied, holding the quiver in her voice. â€Å"It is one of the duties of my rank as a soldier of Ten-Towns.† Entreri laughed at her again. Then he looked into the distance, his features assuming an introspective tilt. â€Å"Perhaps this will play to my advantage,† he said rhetorically, the beginnings of a plan formulating in his mind. Catti-brie studied him, worried that he had found some way to turn her excursion into harm for her friends. â€Å"I’ll not kill you – not yet,† he said to her. â€Å"When we find the halfling, his friends will not defend him. Because of you.† â€Å"I’ll do nothing to aid ye!† Catti-brie spat.†Nothing!† â€Å"Precisely,† Entreri hissed. â€Å"You shall do nothing. Not with a blade at your neck – † he brought the weapon up to her throat in a morbid tease – â€Å"scratching at your smooth skin. When I am done with my business, brave girl, I shall move on, and you shall be left with your shame and your guilt. And your answers to the merchants who believe you murdered their companion!† In truth, Entreri didn’t believe for a moment that his simple trick with Catti-brie’s dagger would fool the merchants. It was merely a psychological weapon aimed at the young woman, designed to instill yet another doubt and worry into her jumble of emotions. Catti-brie did not reply to the assassin’s statements with any sign of emotion. No, she told herself, it won’t be like that! But deep inside, she wondered if her determination only masked her fear, her own belief that she would be held again by the horror of Entreri’s presence, and that the scene would unfold exactly as he had predicted. Jierdan found the campsite with little difficulty. Dendybar had used his magic to track the mysterious rider all the way from the mountains and had pointed the soldier in the right direction. Tensed and his sword drawn, Jierdan moved in. The place was deserted, but it had not been that way for long. Even from a few feet away, the soldier from Luskan could feel the dying warmth of the campfire. Crouching low to mask his silhouette against the line of the horizon, he crept toward a pack and blanket off to the side of the fire. * * * Entreri rode his mount back into camp slowly, expecting that what he had left might have drawn some visitors. Catti-brie sat in front of him, securely bound and gagged, though she fully believed, to her own disgust, that her own terror made the bonds unnecessary. The wary assassin realized that someone had entered the camp, before he had ever gotten near the place. He slid from his saddle, taking his prisoner with him. â€Å"A nervous steed,† he explained to Catti-brie, taking obvious pleasure in the grim warning as he tied her to the horse’s rear legs. â€Å"If you struggle, he will kick the life from you.† Then Entreri was gone, blending into the night as though he were an extension of its darkness. * * * Jierdan dropped the pack back to the ground, frustrated, for its contents were merely standard traveling gear and revealed nothing about the owner. The soldier was a veteran of many campaigns and had bested man and orc alike a hundred times, but he was nervous now, sensing something unusual, and deadly, about the rider. A man with the courage to ride alone on the brutal course from Icewind Dale to Luskan was no novice to the ways of battle. Jierdan was startled, then, but not too surprised, when the tip of a blade came to rest suddenly in the vulnerable hollow on the back of his neck, just below the base of his skull. He neither moved nor spoke, hoping that the rider would ask for some explanation before driving the weapon home. Entreri could see that his pack had been searched, but he recognised the furred uniform and knew that this man was no thief. â€Å"We are beyond the borders of your city,† he said, holding his knife steady. â€Å"What business have you in my camp, soldier of Luskan?† â€Å"I am Jierdan of the north gate,† he replied. â€Å"I have come to meet a rider from Icewind Dale.† â€Å"What rider?† â€Å"You.† Entreri was perplexed and uncomfortable with the soldier’s response. Who had sent this man, and how had he known where to look? The assassin’s first thoughts centered on Regis’s party. Perhaps the halfling had arranged for some help from the city guard. Entreri slipped his knife back info its sheath, certain that he could retrieve it in time to foil any attack. Jierdan understood the calm confidence of the act as well, and any thoughts that he might have had for striking at this man flew from him. â€Å"My master, desires your audience,† he said, thinking it wise to explain himself more completely. â€Å"A meeting to your mutual benefit.† â€Å"Your master?† asked Entreri. â€Å"A citizen of high standing,† Jierdan explained. â€Å"He has heard of your coming and believes that he may help with your quest.† â€Å"What does he know of my business?† Entreri snapped, angered that someone had dared to spy on him. But he was relieved, too, for the involvement of some other power structure within the city explained much, and possibly eliminated the logical assumption that the halfling was behind this meeting. Jierdan shrugged. â€Å"I am merely his courier. But I, too, can be of assistance to you. At the gate.† â€Å"Damn the gate,† Entreri snarled. â€Å"I’ll take the wall easily enough. It is a more direct route to the places I seek.† â€Å"Even so, I know of those places, and of the people who control them.† The knife leaped back out, cutting in and stopping just before Jierdan’s throat. â€Å"You know much, but you explain little. You play dangerous games, soldier of Luskan.† Jierdan didn’t blink. â€Å"Four heroes from Ten-Towns came into Luskan five days ago: a dwarf, a halfling, a barbarian, and a black elf.† Even Artemis Entreri couldn’t hide a hint of excitement at the confirmation of his suspicions, and Jierdan noted the signs. â€Å"Their exact location escapes me, but I know the area where they are hiding. Are you interested?† The knife returned again to its sheath. â€Å"Wait here,† Entreri instructed. â€Å"I have a companion who shall travel with us.† â€Å"My master said that you rode alone,† Jierdan queried. Entreri’s vile grin sent a shiver through the soldier’s spine. â€Å"I acquired her,† he explained. â€Å"She is mine and that is all that you ever need to know.† Jierdan didn’t press the point. His sigh of relief was audible when Entreri had disappeared from sight. Catti-brie rode to Luskan untied and ungagged, but Entreri’s hold upon her was no less binding. His warning to her when he had retrieved her in the field had been succinct and undeniable. â€Å"A foolish move,† he had said, â€Å"and you die. And you die with the knowledge that the dwarf, Bruenor, shall suffer for your insolence.† The assassin had told Jierdan no more about her, and the soldier didn’t ask, though the woman intrigued him more than a little. Dendybar would get the answers, Jierdan knew. They moved into the city later that morning, under the suspicious eye of the Daykeeper of the North Gate. It had cost Jierdan a week’s pay to bribe them through, and the soldier knew he would owe even more when he returned that night, for the original deal with the Daykeeper allowed the passage of one outsider; nothing had been said about the woman. But if Jierdan’s actions brought him Dendybar’s favor, then they would be well worth the price. According to the city code, the three gave up their horses at the stable just inside the wall, and Jierdan led Entreri and Catti-brie through the streets of the City of Sails, past the sleepy-eyed merchants and vendors who had been out since before dawn and into the very heart of the city. The assassin was not surprised an hour later when they came upon a long grove of thick pine trees. He had suspected that Jierdan was somehow connected to this place. They passed through a break in the line and stood before the tallest structure in the city, the Hosttower of the Arcane. â€Å"Who is your master?† Entreri asked bluntly. Jierdan chuckled, his nerve bolstered by the sight of Dendybar’s tower. â€Å"You shall meet him soon enough.† â€Å"I shall know now,† Entreri growled. â€Å"Or our meeting is ended. I am in the city, soldier, and I do not require your assistance any longer.† â€Å"I could have the guards expel you,† Jierdan shot back. â€Å"Or worse!† But Entreri had the last word. â€Å"They would never find the remains of your body,† he promised, the cold certainty of his tone draining the blood from Jierdan’s face. Catti-brie noted the exchange with more than a passing concern for the soldier, wondering if the time might soon come when she could exploit the untrusting nature of her captors to her own advantage. â€Å"I serve Dendybar the Mottled, Master of the North Spire,† Jierdan declared, drawing further strength from the mention of his powerful mentor’s name. Entreri had heard the name before. The Hosttower was a common topic of the whisperings all around Luskan and the surrounding countryside, and the name of Dendybar the Mottled came up often in conversation, describing the wizard as an ambitious power seeker in the tower, and hinting at a dark and sinister side of the man that allowed him to get what he wanted. He was dangerous, but potentially a powerful ally. Entreri was pleased. â€Å"Take me to him now,† he told Jierdan. â€Å"Let us discover if we have business or no.† Sydney was waiting to escort them from the entryroom of the Hosttower. Offering no introduction, and asking for none, she led them through the twisting passages and secret doors to the audience hall of Dendybar the Mottled. The wizard waited there in grand style, wearing his finest robes and with a fabulous luncheon set before him. â€Å"Greetings, rider,† Dendybar said after the necessary, yet uncomfortable, moments of silence when each of the parties sized up the other. â€Å"I am Dendybar the Mottled, as you are already aware. Will you and your lovely companion partake of my table?† His raspy voice grated on Catti-brie’s nerves, and though she hadn’t eaten since the supper the day before, she had no appetite for this man’s hospitality. Entreri shoved her forward. â€Å"Eat,† he commanded. She knew that Entreri was testing both her and the wizards. But it was time for her to test Entreri as well. â€Å"No,† she answered, looking him straight in the eye. His backhand knocked her to the floor. Jierdan and Sydney started reflexively, but seeing no help forthcoming from Dendybar, quickly stopped and settled back to watch. Catti-brie moved away from the killer and remained in a defensive crouch. Dendybar smiled at the assassin. â€Å"You have answered some of my questions about the girl,† he said with an amused smile. â€Å"What purpose does she serve?† â€Å"I have my reasons,† was all that Entreri replied. â€Å"Of course. And might I learn your name?† Entreri’s expression did not change. â€Å"You seek the four companions from Ten-Towns, I know,† Dendybar continued, having no desire to bandy the issue. â€Å"I seek them, as well, but for different reasons, I am sure.† â€Å"You know nothing of my reasons,† Entreri replied. â€Å"Nor do I care,† laughed the wizard. â€Å"We can help each other to our separate goals. That is all that interests me.† â€Å"I ask for no help.† Dendybar laughed again. â€Å"They are a mighty force, rider. You underestimate them.† â€Å"Perhaps,† replied Entreri. â€Å"But you have asked my purpose, yet have not offered your own. What business does the Hosttower have with travelers from Ten-Towns?† â€Å"Fairly asked,† answered Dendybar. â€Å"But I should wait until we have formalized an agreement before rendering an answer.† â€Å"Then I shan’t sleep well for worry,† Entreri spat. Again the wizard laughed. â€Å"You may change your mind before this is finished,† he said. â€Å"For now I offer a sign of good faith. The companions are in the city. Dockside. They were to stay in the Cutlass. Do you know it?† Entreri nodded, now very interested in the wizard’s words. â€Å"But we have lost them in the alleyways of the western city,† Dendybar explained, shooting a glare at Jierdan that made the soldier shift uneasily. â€Å"And what is the price of this information?† Entreri asked. â€Å"None,† replied the wizard. â€Å"Telling you helps my own cause. You will get what you want; what I desire will remain for me.† Entreri smiled, understanding that Dendybar intended to use him as a hound to sniff out the prey. â€Å"My apprentice will show you out,† Dendybar said, motioning to Sydney. Entreri turned to leave, pausing to meet the gaze of Jierdan. â€Å"Ware my path, soldier,† the assassin warned. â€Å"Vultures eat after the cat has feasted!† â€Å"When he has shown me to the drow, I’ll have his head,† Jierdan growled when they had gone. â€Å"You shall keep clear of that one,† Dendybar instructed. Jierdan looked at him, puzzled. â€Å"Surely you want him watched.† â€Å"Surely,† agreed Dendybar. â€Å"But by Sydney, not you. Keep your anger,† Dendybar said to him, noting the outraged scowl. â€Å"I preserve your life. Your pride is great, indeed, and you have earned the right. But this one is beyond your prowess, my friend. His blade would have you before you ever knew he was there.† Outside, Entreri led Catti-brie away from the Hosttower without a word, silently replaying and reviewing the meeting, for he knew that he had not seen the last of Dendybar and his cohorts. Catti-brie was glad of the silence, too, engulfed in her own contemplations. Why would a wizard of the Hosttower be looking for Bruenor and the others? Revenge for Akar Kessell, the mad wizard that her friends had helped defeat before the last winter? She looked back to the treelike structure, and to the killer at her side, amazed and horrified at the attention her friends had brought upon themselves. Then she looked into her own heart, reviving her spirit and her courage. Drizzt, Bruenor, Wulfgar, and Regis were going to need her help before this was all over. She must not fail them. How to cite Streams of Silver 7. Dagger and Staff, Essay examples

Probiotics free essay sample

Let food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food,† the age-old quote by Hippocrates, is certainly the tenet of today. With the growing interest in self-care and integrative medicine coupled with our health embracing baby boomer population, recognition of the link between diet and health has become increasingly strengthened. As a result, the market for functional foods, or foods that promote health beyond providing basic nutrition, is flourishing. Within, the functional foods movement is the small but rapidly expanding arena of probiotics live microbial food supplements that beneficially affect an individual by improving intestinal microbial balance. The consumers’ overwhelming interest in and demand for functional foods, including probiotics, make it imperative that health professionals stay abreast of the latest research findings and available products. The functional food market has been rapidly growing for the past years but the development of new products is still imperative due to the increasing demand for healthy, high quality foods associated to changes in consumers? life-style. Incorporation of probiotics into cereal-based products is therefore desirable since it can combine the healthy formulation of a cereal mixture, the added value of prebiotic ingredients, and the beneficial effects of the probiotic bacteria. Encapsulation techniques have been recently applied to protect probiotic cells from storage conditions in order to increase shelf-life of probiotic products and to overcome other technological hurdles such as the food production stresses. The aim of this research study was to develop process technology for a probiotic cereal bar by microencapsulating probiotics using the method of freeze drying and evaluating the viability of encapsulated probiotics in a cereal bar. A cereal mixture comprising of corn flakes, oat flakes, wheat bran were used to prepare cereal bar. The probiotic strains Lactobacillus casei (MTCC 1423), Lactobacillus acidophilus (NCDC 11), Lactobacillus plantarum (NCDC 414) and Bifidobacterium longum (F8) were microencapsulated using guar gum and xanthan gum as base materials for microencapsulation respectively. The microencapsulated probiotics were added to the cereal bar to a final concentration of 1010 CFU. g-1 of product. Viability above 108 CFU. g-1 was found in the formulated probiotic cereal bar after 3 weeks of storage. This study indicated that it is feasible to incorporate probiotic  bacteria into a cereal bar product, but further studies are required to determine the product shelf-life, viability during gastrointestinal passage and to assure probiotic functionality. RATIONALE OF STUDY The demand of functional food is increasing day by day due to constant health awareness and readily available information on usefulness of different diet and their direct link with health. The concept of functional foods includes foods or food ingredients that exert a beneficial effect on host health and/or reduce the risk of chronic disease beyond basic nutritional functions. Increasing awareness of consumer health and interest in functional foods to achieve a healthy lifestyle has resulted in the need for food products with versatile health-benefiting properties. Within, the functional foods movement is the small but rapidly expanding arena of probiotics – â€Å"live microbial food supplements that beneficially affect an individual by improving intestinal microbial balance. † Dairy foods, fermented and non-fermented, have played important roles in the diet of humans worldwide for thousands of years. Currently hundreds of probiotic dairy products are manufactured and consumed around the world; typical examples include pasteurized milk, ice-cream, fermented milks, cheeses and baby milk powder. Dairy products are the main food carriers for probiotic bacteria to human. Limitations of these products such as the presence of allergens, high lactose and cholesterol contents, and the requirement for cold storage facilities have created the need to look for new probiotic product lines based on non-dairy substrates. Furthermore, the increase in the consumer vegetarianism throughout the developed countries has generated an increasing demand for the vegetarian probiotic products, as well as the demand for new foods and tastes have initiated a trend in non-dairy probiotic product development. Several ranges of non-dairy probiotic products have been developed and marketed in the last two decades. The market available for non-dairy probiotic products include: fruits and vegetable, juices, non-dairy beverages, cereal based products, chocolate based products, meat†¦etc. Even though, the cereal nutritional quality, compared to milk and meat, is inferior because of their lower protein content, deficiency of certain essential amino acids (lysine), low starch availability, anti-nutrients substances (phytic acid, tannins and polyphenols) and the coarse nature of the grains, cereal grains are still considered as one of the most important food sources of protein, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and fiber for large segments of people all over the world. Furthermore, cereal grains are good source of non-digestible carbohydrates that besides promoting several beneficial physiological effects can act as prebiotics that selectively stimulate the growth of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria in the colon. Considering the above mentioned facts cereal based probiotics may be potential substrates, where the healthy probiotic bacteria will make their way in the global market. Therefore, the non-dairy cereal based probiotic food products should fulfill the consumer’s expectancy and demands for the products that are pleasant and healthy. AIM AND OBJECTIVE The present study was undertaken to develop process technology for microencapsulation of probiotics and their incorporation in cereal bar. The specific objectives are as follows: * Physico- chemical analysis of raw material and finished product. * Evaluation of acid and bile tolerance of probiotic strains before and after incorporation in the cereal bar. * Microencapsulation of probiotics by freeze drying. * Formulation of cereal bar and incorporation of microencapsulated probiotics. Evaluation of sensory characteristics of the formulated cereal bar and viability study of microencapsulated and incorporated probiotics in cereal bar. Flow sheet for Preparation of Probiotic Cereal Bar Procurement of Raw Materials Corn (3-5mm) Oats (3-5mm) Wheat bran (0. 5mm) Jaggery (Melted at 50-60oC) Mix Uniformly Microencapsulation by Freeze Drying Add microencapsulated Probiotics (L. casei, L. plantarum, L. acidophilus, B. longum) Moulding Cool (20 – 250C) Packaging (Polythene Aluminum Laminates) The physico- chemical analysis of the raw materials and the formulated probiotic cereal bar were carried out. The results in case of, raw materials were in accordance with the standard values. In case of, formulated bar the results were compared with other nutritional bars in the market and indicated that the formulated cereal bar can be used as a supplement in diet with added health benefits of probiotics. Acid and bile tolerance studies for probiotics were carried out before as well as after microencapsulation as these are the foremost characteristics to be known for the strains to be regarded as probiotics and the results indicated that the strains were acid and bile tolerant. The probiotic strains were microencapsulated using the method of freeze drying in order to prevent the strains from exposure to heat and other stress conditions. Two base samples were prepared for microencapsulation; the first one comprising of guar gum, inulin and dextrin and the other comprising of xanthan gum, maltodextrin and sucrose. The microencapsulated probiotics were then incorporated in the cereal bar during its preparation. The viability studies of the prepared bar were carried out  for three weeks and the results revealed that probiotics were viable but CFU was decreasing with storage time. Figure-1 Freeze dried microencapsulated probiotic powder Sensory evaluation was done for both Probiotic cereal bars and results indicated that they were liked moderately; however, improvement was required in texture The recipe of the resulting product, i. e. , the probiotic cereal bar included prebiotic ingredients which are considered valuable for the subsequent incorporation of pro biotics. The delivery of beneficial bacteria with the selective growth stimulation by the prebiotic ingredients makes the cereal bar a synbiotic product, with better chances to promote probiotic effects (Steed et al. , 2008). Furthermore, it has been reported that synbiotic products are the most popular among consumers and therefore have higher market value (Annunziata amp; Vecchio, 2011; Bogue amp; Ryan, 2000). Figure- 2 Probiotic cereal bar CONCLUSION In conclusion, the present study showed that the incorporation of probiotics in cereal bars is a feasible procedure, albeit several technological hurdles. However, both physical parameters of cereal bars and probiotic viability during storage are yet to be enhanced. From an efficacy point of view, assays of GI digestion should be performed for each probiotic strain cereal bar, since the exposure to bile salts and acidic conditions in vitro is strain-specific and provides a more accurate evidence of probiotic viability expected after consumption – an important criterion to guarantee a probiotic health effect. Consequently, biological assays would be required to assess whether probiotic functionality is maintained after digestion using, for example, cell culture models to monitor probiotic adhesion or anti proliferative activity. In this way, a steady and consistent scientific ground may be attained in order to deliver a satisfactory product to the final consumer.