Sunday, August 23, 2020

The concept of fairness Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The idea of decency - Movie Review Example Lavoie depicts a circumstance when he asked an instructor whether she would have invested some energy disclosing data by and by to the kid with inabilities and she addressed that she wouldn’t have done that, since it would have been uncalled for in regards to other kids. Thus, Lavoie says that she wasn't right in her meaning of decency. Along these lines when a youngster with learning incapacities gets a similar treatment as other kids, the way that educator treats all the kids a similar route is by all accounts out of line and even hostile for the kid. Thus, it would be reasonable if the youngster with inabilities got extraordinary treatment, despite the fact that it might require some investment of gaining from other kids. He guarantees that this idea is significant in light of the fact that the primary standard as indicated by which kids learn is that they take in not from what educators let them know however they gain from what instructors (and guardians) do. Henceforth, L avoie says that an instructor may state that he should treat the youngster with learning incapacities in some uncommon manner, since it is out of line in regards to other kids. Nonetheless, kids see reasonable goes about as those that fulfill the necessities of every single individual, so they to be sure would comprehend why the youngster with handicaps gets exceptional treatment. Accordingly Lavoie advices guardians to be reasonable in this significance. To the extent kids gain from what guardians do, not state, they need to act as per what they advise their kids to do. For instance, if guardians advise their kid not to lie and the following second they lie themselves.

Friday, August 21, 2020

Aluminum or Aluminium Alloys - List

Aluminum or Aluminum Alloys - List An aluminum amalgam is an organization comprising for the most part of aluminum to which different components have been included. The composite is made by combining the components when aluminum is liquid (fluid), which cools to shape a homogeneous strong arrangement. Different components may make up as much as 15 percent of the combination by mass. Included components incorporate iron, copper, magnesium, silicon, and zinc. The expansion of components to the aluminum invigorates the composite improved, usefulness, erosion obstruction, electrical conductivity, as well as thickness, contrasted and the unadulterated metallic component. Aluminum amalgams will in general be lightweight and consumption safe. Rundown of Aluminum Alloys This is a rundown of some significant aluminum or aluminum compounds. AA-8000: utilized for building wire per the National Electrical CodeAlclad: aluminum sheet made by holding high-immaculateness aluminum to a high quality center materialAl-Li (lithium, once in a while mercury)Alnico (aluminum, nickel, copper)Birmabright (aluminum, magnesium)Duralumin (copper, aluminum)Hindalium (aluminum, magnesium, manganese, silicon)Magnalium (5% magnesium)Magnox (magnesium oxide, aluminum)Nambe (aluminum in addition to seven other unknown metals)Silumin (aluminum, silicon)Titanal (aluminum, zinc, magnesium, copper, zirconium)Zamak (zinc, aluminum, magnesium, copper)Aluminum structures other complex amalgams with magnesium, manganese, and platinum Recognizing Aluminum Alloys Amalgams have regular names, yet they might be recognized utilizing a four-digit number. The main digit of the number distinguishes the class or arrangement of combination. 1xxx - Commercially unadulterated aluminum additionally has a four-digit numerical identifier. Arrangement 1xxx combinations are made of 99 percent or higher immaculateness aluminum. 2xxx - The chief alloying component in the 2xxx arrangement is copper. Warmth treating these combinations improves their quality. These composites are solid and extreme, yet not as consumption safe as other aluminum compounds, so they are generally painted or covered for use. The most widely recognized airplane amalgam is 2024. Amalgam 2024-T351 is among the hardest of the aluminum compounds. 3xxx - The primary alloying component in this arrangement is manganese, for the most part with a littler measure of magnesium. The most mainstream composite from this arrangement is 3003, which is functional and respectably solid. 3003 is utilized to make cooking utensils. Combination 3004 is one of the compounds used to make aluminum jars for drinks. 4xxx - Silicon is added to aluminum to make 4xxx combinations. This brings down the dissolving purpose of the metal without making it weak. This arrangement is utilized to make welding wire. Combination 4043 is utilized to make filler composites for welding vehicles and auxiliary components. 5xxx - The chief alloying component in the 5xxx arrangement is magnesium. These amalgams are solid, weldable, and oppose marine erosion. The 5xxx compounds are utilized to make pressure vessels and capacity tanks and for different marine applications. Amalgam 5182 is utilized to make the top of aluminum refreshment jars. Thus, aluminum jars really comprise of at any rate two compounds! 6xxx - Silicon and magnesium are available in 6xxx combinations. The components consolidate to frame magnesium silicide. These compounds are formable, weldable, and heat treatable. They have great consumption obstruction and moderate quality. The most widely recognized combination in this arrangement is 6061, which is utilized to make truck and vessel outlines. Expulsion items from the 6xxx arrangement are utilized in engineering and to make the iPhone 6. 7xxx - Zinc is the chief alloying component in the arrangement beginning with the number 7. The subsequent compound is heat-treatable and solid. Significant amalgams are 7050 and 7075, both used to build airplane. 8xxx s incorporate 8500, 8510, and 8520. 9xxx - Presently, the arrangement beginning with the number 9 is unused. What Is the Strongest Aluminum Alloy? Manganese added to aluminum expands its quality and yields an amalgam with brilliant usefulness and consumption obstruction. The most noteworthy quality combination in the non-heat-treatable evaluation is composite 5052. Aluminum Alloy Classification By and large, the two general classes of aluminum compounds are fashioned amalgams and throwing combinations. Both of these gatherings are partitioned into heat-treatable and non-heat-treatable sorts. Around 85% of aluminum is utilized in fashioned amalgams. Cast combinations are moderately reasonable to deliver in view of their low softening point, yet they will in general have lower elastic qualities than their fashioned partners. Sources Davis, J.R. (2001). Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys. Alloying: Understanding the Basics. pp. 351â€416.Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003). Materials and Processes in Manufacturing (ninth ed.). Wiley. p. 133. ISBN 0-471-65653-4.Kaufman, John Gilbert (2000). Applications for Aluminum Alloys and Tempers. Prologue to aluminum compounds and tempers. ASM International. pp. 93â€94. ISBN 978-0-87170-689-8.

Friday, July 10, 2020

AP Language Essay Examples - What You Need to Know to Succeed

AP Language Essay Examples - What You Need to Know to SucceedIf you have ever had a problem with your school or college, a problem with your honor code, or are currently going through any of these things and want to get back into the good graces of your family, you might need to take a look at what you have and see if there are honor code AP language essay samples that could help you. Many people who are in tough times like this find themselves on the inside looking out, because the decisions they make have drastic effects on everyone in their life. Honesty is something that you have to keep in mind when writing your paper.You might be lucky enough to be able to attend an institution where you will not have to follow the honor code. Many schools, however, enforce a code of conduct, which means that you cannot include certain words, phrases, and information in your paper. There are also many requirements that you must meet as a student before you are even allowed to graduate. With thi s, there is not much room for error.Most of the time, when an individual is searching for work or a better job, they have no clue about what words are considered inappropriate and if they can do them. As a result, it might be that they write things incorrectly and then they face a lot of negative consequences for it. This means that you should only use words that are appropriate and aren't considered bad language by other people around you.An AP Language essay sample can help you by giving you examples of how to go about writing a paper. They are also helpful in reminding you about all of the proper and inappropriate terms that you need to learn. You might want to find some great ways to practice your paper writing skills to help you with your final project.Even though it might seem that the application of an honor code might be difficult to follow, there are several ways to approach it that will help you out. Many individuals with honors are given the opportunity to work in areas w here they may not be able to write. In this case, writing a good paper for such a situation would be a smart idea.It is important to remember that there are so many honors and honor codes that exist throughout the country, and that there are various types of codes that they can fall under. As a result, a good AP language essay sample can give you a way to address the codes and get you to a good starting point. The amount of variety that you can find makes the task of finding them interesting.If you are having a problem with your honor code or you would like to learn more about it, then you need to look at the honor code AP language essay samples that are available. After all, you might just be surprised by what you find.

Tuesday, May 19, 2020

There Are Several Similarities Between Aristotle And...

There are several similarities between Aristotle and Confucius on the concept of friendship. Both viewed friendship as a relationship between virtuous and trustworthy friends who understand each other s character. According to Aristotle and Confucius, virtue is essential when friends are able to share their lives with one another during the time of fortune and misfortunes. For this leads them to live happily, joyfully, and harmoniously as friends. Aristotle posited that, â€Å"The perfect form of friendship is that between good men who are alike in excellence or virtue† ( Nicomachean Ethics VIII. ch.3(1156b(10). Confucius, agreed with Aristotle, as the Analects says â€Å"Virtue is never left to stand alone; he who has it always have†¦show more content†¦ch.3). Friends will be there for one another - encouraging, correcting, and supporting each other with love and care. And this is how everyone is supposed to live in society. A sincere and truthful friendship bu ilt in virtue leads to an honest, good life. The author Vernon said friendship brings a happy life to both parties (â€Å"The Philosophy of Friendship†). A good friendship brings love, peace, joy, and justice not only for each friend but also for society. Friends enjoy a sincere and faithful companionship. Wei Tu said trust between friends is sustained by a long lasting commitment that aims to mutual flourishing (Slote 128). In order to have a true friendship, one has to commit himself or herself to truthfulness in words and actions. A perfect friendship brings forth harmony, peace, love, and justice during someone’s life and allows society to flourish. There also are some differences between the two traditions. For, Aristotle’s list of groups of people whom we are inclined to love, and Confucius’ three types of friends. For Aristotle these groups of friends based their relationships more on human feelings and on virtue rather than on practical actions as it is for Confucius. â€Å"TheShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Aristotle s The Golden Mean 1109 Words   |  5 PagesPart 3 - Aristotle - The Golden Mean Aristotle was a greek philosopher that taught and stressed many important and revolutionary ideas/philosophies. He was born in 384 BC, and was a student of Plato, as well as founded/ taught at several academies. He wrote on diverse subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, logic, politics, government, and ethics. He contributed to almost every field of human knowledge in existence during his time, and he was the founder of many new fields. Aristotle was oneRead MoreBranches of Philosophy8343 Words   |  34 PagesTraditional branches are cosmology and ontology. †¢ Epistemology is concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge, and whether knowledge is possible. Among its central concerns has been the challenge posed by skepticism and the relationships between truth, belief, and justification. †¢ Ethics, or moral philosophy, is concerned with questions of how persons ought to act or if such questions are answerable. The main branches of ethics are meta-ethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics.Read MoreWorld History AP8768 Words   |  36 Pagesdestructive and oppressive. 4. Do you think that the classical empires hold â€Å"lessons† for the present, or are contemporary circumstances sufficiently unique as to render the distant past irrelevant? †¢ This question can be answered successfully from several perspectives, although in order to argue that the classical empires are irrelevant a student would have to address the arguments made in the Reflections section of the text. †¢ A student might focus on the cultural memory of empires being used inRead MoreImportance of Ethics in Business as an Academic Discipline8970 Words   |  36 Pagesthe establishment by senior management of an ethical business culture.† And, â€Å"Another clear message of the survey is that ethical leadership from the top is the key to reducing corporate malfeasance.† Considering the ethical failures in the last several years and the resulting crisis in confidence, a sincere commitment to creating and sustaining an ethical business culture in public and private sectors has never been more important. It is important that each individual feels personally ethically

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Is Your Chocolate the Result of Unfair Exploitation of...

Case Study #1: Please refer to Mini Case Mini-Case â€Å"Is Your Chocolate the Result of Unfair Exploitation of Child Labor?† 1. Should labor practices in another country be a relevant consideration in international trade? Why or why not? Yes, labor practices in another country should be relevant for consideration in international trade. The reason for concern is labor and social advocates has increased imports from countries in which labor standards are apparently not enforced at an adequately high level. It’s important to have labor restrictions and eliminate unfavorable wages and poor working conditions in the developed importing countries. The low labor cost in developing countries is the result of poorly†¦show more content†¦The set price will make the producers comply with the standard costs and which will be beneficial to the consumer at the end. Businesses will need to follow the standards and pledge that no child will experience slave labor in their work and production of products. If Business does not follow the practices we can boycott the products. Business should be investigate d and held accountable. For the consumer to only purchase fair trade products until the item becomes a fair trade product. As consumers we can look at labels, be more aware of fair trade products. We can talk with our local grocery companies, coffee shops, and look for the fair trade products. 3. How would international trade theorists view the fair-trade movement? Fair trade was supported by people who believed that there were inherent flaws in the capitalistic system and trading system around the world (Handmade Expressions) There are four fair trade labeling organizations developed by FINE, informal association: Fair trade International, World Trade Org, Network of European World shops and European Fair Trade Association (Fair Trade International site). Fair trade is a market reactive system that wants to abolish global inhumane acts from child labor, poor working environments, low wages, and healthy working conditions. Fair Trade does not control the prices at a local level the producersShow MoreRelatedCase Study Illy Cafe3052 Words   |  13 Pagesseveral companies located in North America, France, Germany, Spain and Benelux. Product Illy serves coffee to its customers. They insist on the fact that there are not selling basic coffees but the one which is a result of Scientifics’ research. They want to serve the best coffee due to a result of a long experience, knowledge of coffee biology and chemistry, very good skill at roasting, enabling technologies, and also a family’s entrepreneurial passion. They are also selling products which fit to theRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesphotocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designationsRead MoreMarketing Management 14th Edition Test Bank Kotler Test Bank173911 Words   |  696 Pagesnegative demand E) unwholesome demand Answer: D Page Ref: 8 Objective: 2 AACSB: Analytic skills Difficulty: Moderate 14) People in emerging countries today are becoming increasingly health conscious and are seeking healthy food choices. As a result, demand for health foods is rising steadily, creating an opportunity for marketers to exploit this ________ market. A) demographic B) business C) need D) geographic E) service Answer: C Page Ref: 8 Objective: 2 AACSB: Analytic skills Read MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagesshould be addressed to the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: ( 44) 1865 843830, fax: ( 44) 1865 853333, e-mail: permissions@elsevier.co.uk. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (www.elsevier.com), by selecting ‘Customer Support’ and then ‘Obtaining Permissions’ British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library LibraryRead MoreGsk Annual Report 2010135604 Words   |  543 Pages208 210 211 212 Underlying sales growth excludes pandemic products, Avandia and Valtrex. See page 21. CER% represents growth at constant exchange rates. Sterling % or  £% represents growth at actual exchange rates. See page 21. The calculation of results before major restructuring is described in Note 1 to the ï ¬ nancial statements, ‘Presentation of the ï ¬ nancial statements’. GSK Annual Report 2010 01 We exist to improve the quality of human life by enabling people to do more, feel better and

Is there life on Mars free essay sample

â€Å"Are we alone?† is a very big question that people usually wonder when they look at the sky since thousands years ago. With that question, we have created a lot of movies, novels, stories, about UFOs, aliens and life in those stars above. Nowadays, with the highly development of science and technology, human are on their way to find out the answer for this question. Scientists have found many planets which have the potential to support life. However, it is the Earth’s neighbor, Mars, which has the biggest chance that life may exist on. In my opinion, I think we still have to go a long road to answer the question: â€Å"Is there life on Mars?† Mars is the fourth planet of the Solar System. It is the nearest planet to Earth. Therefore, there are many similarities between two planets. For example, according to BBC (n.d.), Mars has the surface with mountains, valleys, volcanoes and the atmosphere above it; Mars moves around the Sun so it also has day, night and seasonal cycle which is similar to Earth. We will write a custom essay sample on Is there life on Mars ? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They also stated that Mars has 2 moons which are Phobos and Demois (BBC n.d.). So Mars is considered as the most likely place where the evidence of life can be found. Throughout history, there were many evidences which were given to prove that there is life on Mars. Those proof mainly focus on the fundamental requirements for life: Water and atmosphere. Water is one of the most important elements which form life. In short, no water no life. Fortunately, the researchers from Discovery Channel (n.d.) have pointed out that Mars has a watery past. According to Discovery Channel (n.d.), great rivers, lakes or even oceans have existed on Mars. Another important element is methane gas. Kenneth Chang (2013) stated that methane is the sign for the appearance of microbes, which means organism and life on Mars. From the telescopes on Earth and pictures from satellites on Mars, scientists came to a very important result that they have found plumes of methane on Mars’s atmosphere (Euronews 24 September 2013). Moreover, according to Theguardian (Thursday 29 August 2013), Professor Steven Benner, a leading geochemist, has argued that life on Earth has the origin from Mars because an important element to the origin of life has been found on the surface of the Red Planet. They believe that life may be started on Mars and came to Earth on a meteorite (Theguardian Thursday 29 August 2013). Those evidences above make many peoples excited and hopefully that they can come to live on Mars someday. However, with the development of science and technology,  scientist has performed more research about Mars with many modern space craft s. From that, some surprise facts have been revealed. Firstly, it is about the water on this planet. We all knew that Mars used to be a watery planet. However, according to Discovery Channel (n.d.), it has become a cool and dry planet because Viking- the first lander on Mars found no sign of liquid water on the surface of it. Discovery Channel (n.d.) stated that Mars has water vapor in its air but because of the thin atmosphere, water vapor becomes unstable and the rain cannot happen. They also claims that lots of water has turned into ice (Discovery Channel n.d.). The huge ocean that used to appear on Mars has become vast frozen sea that lies under the surface. If we can heat Mars from inside it, the ice may melts and we will have water. Unfortunately, we cannot. Because of those reasons, Mars has no water on it desert-like surface. Without water, nothing can lives on this planet. The second problem is the lack of methane gas on Mars. As we have known, methane has been observed on Mars by scientists since 2003. In 2011, they sent a spacecraft which named Curiosity to make sure about this theory. According to Euronews (24 September 2013), the rover has a mission in 2 years in order to search for signs of life on the Red Planet and to help us know more about it. However, in the latest news, they announced a fact which surprised many researchers: there is no methane on Mars (Euronews 24 September 2013). This has reduced the chance that life could exist on Mars because methane is a very important element that forms life. According to Kenneth Chang (2013), with this conclusion, some scientists have more proofs for their point. For example, Professor Sushil K. Atreya from University of Michigan said that there is no evidence for any life process on Mars and methane just was not there (Kenneth Chang 2013). There is an assumption that can explains the failure of Curiosity. Like the scientist used to say, long time ago, methane was once existed on the Red Planet. However, the powerful ultraviolet light of the Sun and the chemical reaction in the atmosphere have destroyed it (Kenneth Chang 2013). The methane molecule has broken apart, disappeared for many centuries and so was the life on Mars (Kenneth Chang 2013). Thirdly, the environment and atmosphere on Mars are not suitable for human. Mars may be the most similar planet to Earth in the Solar System, but the condition on it is still far different from Earth. The distance between Mars and Sun is much further than Earth so the temperature  of Mars is also much lower. According to Bob the Aliens Tour of the Solar System (n.d.), it can increases or decreases very quickly between -133 ââ€" ¦C and 55ââ€" ¦Ã¢â€" ¦C and the average is only -63ââ€" ¦C. At -133ââ€" ¦C, even the toughest people from Alaska cannot survive. We also cannot breath on Mars because the atmosphere in here is full of the poisonous gas Carbon dioxide (Bob the Aliens Tour of the Solar System n.d.). Furthermore, this atmosphere is just 1% as thick as Earth (Discovery Channel n.d.). On our planet, the very thick atmosphere prevents the ultraviolet rays from the Sun so it can not harm us. We are very lucky because according to (Bob the Aliens Tour of the Solar System n.d.) this very dangerous light can cause skin cancer. On the other hand, with the thin atmosphere on Mars, we will be grilled on the surface of it. Another problem is the gravity. According to Discovery Channel (n.d.), the gravity of Mars is about 38% of Earth’s, which is very weak. There is no conclusion yet but the scientist think that this weak gravity may has bad effect on the muscles and bones of human (Discovery Channel n.d.). It seem like the condition on Mars is terrible for human. There are still many peoples who are protecting their point about life on Mars because they have their own reasons because. According to Kenneth Chang (2013), the absence of methane does not mean Mars did not have life because many organisms on Earth do not produce methane gas. Besides, Discovery Channel (n.d.) also adds that we can grow plants and foods in the green house on Red Planet based on the high rate of Carbon Dioxide in the atmosphere and the long daylight time. This solution can helps the atmosphere becomes thicker. Therefore, there will be more oxide, more water and less ultraviolet rays on the surface of Mars. In conclusion, life may exist on Mars in the past or in the future. However, at the moment, with many reliable evidences about water, atmosphere, methane gas, environment, we can conclude that there is no life on Mars.

Wednesday, April 22, 2020

Legality Of Abortion Essays - Abortion In The United States

Legality of Abortion Abortion must be a legal and attainable procedure for women throughout the United States. Abortion is a subject which easily fits into the themes of CORE 1. Abortion pertains to many issues which are involved in CORE 1. CORE 1 analyzes civil rights as well as equal treatment for women in America. Abortion challenges the civil rights of the mother and the fetus which she bears. To deny abortion is denying the mother certain civil rights, but if the fetus is considered a person, then the rights of the fetus are being denied by allowing abortion to be legal. Abortion has been an element of human life for centuries. It dates back to BC times. Ancient abortions usually consisted of mildly poisoning a pregnant mother. The poison was hoped to be just strong enough to kill the fetus, yet mild enough to keep the woman alive. Also, sometimes women would receive physical blows to their abdomen an effort to kill the fetus. Since both of these methods were very dangerous for women, infanticide wa s a much more popular form of abortion. Infanticide is grossly just the killing of the baby directly after birth (3 Gilbert). J. Gilbert, the author of an informative Texas state web-page, states that some time after 1750, a new procedure was introduced to abortion. The new procedure consisted of probing objects through the cervix and into the uterus of the women to accomplish the abortion (4 Gilbert). Laurence Tribe, author of Abortion: The Clash of Absolutes, states that the court case Roe v. Wade revolutionized the legality of abortion. The case set boundaries and regulations illustrating how much power the mother and state possess in deciding whether to abort a pregnancy (12 Tribe). During the past twenty-five years abortion has become one of the most debated controversies in the Unite States' history. The issues surrounding abortion strike questions based on ethics, morals, emotions, and law. There are many alternative perspectives from which people can approach the legality an d morality of abortion. But basically there are pro-life people and pro-choice people. People who are pro-choice believe that women hold the right to abort a pregnancy, but people who are pro-life believe that abortion is wrong and unjust to the fetus. When pondering issues surrounding abortion, many questions come to mind. Is a fetus a human being? Is abortion physically and mentally safe for women? And finally, should abortion be legal? It is only after exploring these questions can a person justify their position on abortion. A major question which strikes at the heart of abortion legality and morality is: When is an embryo considered a life or human being? Many people argue that life begins at the point of conception. Bonnie Steinbock, an author who considers herself an expert on fetuses and their legal rights, says, "Conception is the joining of the male and female sex cells which have twenty-three chromosomes each." The process of conception takes twelve hours, at which time t he egg is completely fertilized and becomes known as a zygote. Distinct and unique characteristics of a person are determined at the time of conception. After the time of conception, until death, nothing will be added or removed from the genetic make-up of an individual (200 Steinbock). In other words, everything physically and chemically is determined shortly after the point of conception. Being alive means that an object grows, develops, and matures. A zygote, from the time of conception grows, develops parts of its body, and replaces its own dying cells. The heart of the zygote begins beating just eighteen days after conception (198 Steinbock). This is often well before the mother even realizes that she is pregnant. After three months, all of the fetus's organs are formed and all of the bodily systems are working. The fetus can swim, grasp a pointer, move freely in the womb, and excrete urine. If a doctor injects a sweet solution into the fluid surrounding the fetus, the fetus wi ll swallow it because it likes the taste. If a bitter solution is injected, the fetus will realize the taste and quit swallowing (196 Steinbock). The previous examples are evidence enough that life begins at conception, or at